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BBC The Blue Planet |
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BBC The Blue Planet
Information
The definitive story of the blue section of our planet - the oceans - which run from the shores to the open depths of the sea. Programmes include: The Blue Planet, The Deep, Open Ocean, Frozen Seas, Seasonal Seas, Coral Seas, Tidal Seas, Coasts, Making Waves, Deep Trouble.
An
epic, eight-part series that took five years to complete, The Blue
Planet firmly re-establishes the BBC as the world's pre-eminent
producer of top quality nature documentaries. Exploring every aspect of
marine ecosystems, from coastal marshes to deep-sea trenches and from
polar waters to tropical reefs, The Blue Planet is thorough and
informative, yet never less than thrilling.
Episode 1 - Introduction
"A
blue whale, 30 metres long and weighing over 200 tonnes. It's far
bigger than even the biggest dinosaur," says David Attenborough. Its
tongue weighs as much as an elephant and its heart is the size of a
car. Some of its blood vessels are so wide that a human could swim down
them. This is the largest animal that has ever lived, and yet
absolutely nothing is known about where it goes to breed. The blue
whale is the perfect symbol for the oceans - a vast blue expanse that
dominates the planet yet remains largely unexplored and mysterious.
Every
summer on the eastern coast of South Africa, a living black 'slick' of
millions of sardines is whipped up by the coastal currents. It attracts
thousands of cape gannets, hundreds of bronze whaler sharks and
thousands of common dolphins. As the predators gorge, the dolphins work
together and release walls of air bubbles that corral the sardines into
tight bait-balls for an easy catch. A Bryde's whale appears and
polishes off the feast.
Every evening, as the sun sets, the
largest migration on the planet takes place in the oceans. One thousand
million tonnes of deep sea creatures journey up towards the surface in
search of food.
For a few days each year, a squid
spectacle is seen off the Californian coast as millions of squid come
up from the deep to breed and lay their eggs. Almost as soon as they
appear they disappear back into the deep or die.
The moon's
gravitational pull controls the ebb and flow of the tides. Every year
on the coast of Costa Rica there is an extraordinary event called the
arribada, which is closely linked to the tides.
On a last or
first quarter moon, up to 5,000 female Ridley's turtles hit the beach
each hour to lay their eggs in the sand. Over the course of three or
four nights, 400,000 turtles come to one beach, just a mile long, and
lay an estimated 40 million eggs.
Grey whales take a 12,000
mile round-trip migration from their breeding grounds in Mexico up the
entire coast of North America to the Arctic Sea. Off Monterey,
California, a grey whale is cruising slowly with her calf and this
makes them vulnerable to attack. A 15-strong pod of killer whales takes
six hours to run down the calf and drown it. The killers only eat the
tongue and lower jaw, but this much energy never goes to waste. The
carcass sinks to the bottom of the ocean where it attracts scavengers
that live exclusively in the deep oceans.
Episode 2 - The Deep
A
thousand metres down, in the twilight zone, animals play a constant
game of hide and seek. Most are transparent, hoping to pass unnoticed.
Hatchet fish have flattened bodies and silvered sides that reflect any
light and make them invisible. A fish called winteria looks like an
underwater bushbaby with its two tubular eyes designed to look up at
the surface to spot the silhouettes of potential prey.
Below
1,000 metres you enter the dark zone and an alien world. In a world
where red light does not exist, dark red jellyfish and shrimps float
by, confident that they are almost completely invisible. Predators here
have massive teeth and enormous mouths as food comes along so rarely
that they have to grab prey of any size. The hairy angler is the size
of a beach ball and its body is covered in long antennae designed to
pick out the movements of any prey foolish enough to venture close to
its terrifying teeth. The fangtooth has the largest teeth in the ocean
for its size - so big it can't close its mouth. Gulper eels can swallow
prey as big as themselves.
The only light here is produced by
the animals themselves through bioluminescence. Shrimps and jellyfish
use this to confuse their predators while angler fish use giant
flashing lures on their heads to attract their prey. Female angler fish
also use their lures to hook a male. Just one tenth the size of their
partner, a male completely fuses itself on to the female's body,
becoming little more than an attached bag of sperm.
The
continental slope, which extends for thousands of miles, gradually
descends to the abyssal plain at 3,000 metres. Just occasionally the
carcass of a dead whale drops right down to these great depths. With
their acute sense of smell, thousands of hagfish are attracted to the
carcass and out of nowhere a massive sleeper shark appears. As big as
great whites, these are very slow moving sharks, perfectly adapted for
a life in these energy deficient waters.
The abyssal plain
covers over half the Earth's surface. Mostly it's as flat as a billiard
table, but in places the seabed drops down into massive trenches miles
wide. The deepest of these and the deepest point in the ocean is the
Marianas Trench which drops to over seven miles below sea level.
There
are just five manned submarines in the world that can reach the abyssal
plain so less than one per cent of it has ever been explored. Out of
the black appears 'Dumbo', a deep sea octopus flying through the water
on what look like large flapping ears.
In just a few places,
along volcanic ridge lines, animals survive off energy produced by hot
vents - molluscs, shrimps, crabs, fish and even octopus. When
scientists discovered the hot vents just over 20 years ago they were
amazed that so much life could survive totally without energy from the
sun. Since their original discovery in 1979, a new species has been
described every 10 days.
Episode 3 - Open Oceans
An
unfortunate shoal of sardines is first attacked by three-metre-long
striped marlin with metre-long, needle-sharp javelins on their heads.
The commotion attracts juvenile yellowfin tuna and then a 14-metre Sei
whale scoops up the remains.
David Attenborough says:
"Predators and prey are locked in a deadly three-dimensional contest of
hide and seek, played out over immense distances." None are better at
tracking down food than dolphins. A school of spotted dolphins herd
mackerel, but the noise of their sonar attracts one of the most
glamorous fish in the sea, a sailfish. With a top speed of over
120km/h, it herds the fleeing fish with its unique sail before gunning
them down with ease.
Human flotsam and debris polluting the
sea, sometimes becomes a floating home or nursery for small fish.
Patches of giant seaweed also become mobile cleaning stations. Giant
sunfish queue up, waiting for small cleaner fish to pick off their
parasites. For the more stubborn parasites they summon passing seagulls
who dig out the bugs with their savage bills.
Ocean
life is not all hard work. Spinner dolphins gather in their thousands,
putting on a stunning aerobatic display as they while away the daylight
hours. Common dolphins meet a passing school of pilot whales, chirping
and rubbing together as they head towards their summer breeding
grounds, flirting as they travel.
Travelling is the key to
success. A pod of common dolphin reaches the Azores, off the Portuguese
coast, in early July. They are looking for mackerel but are not alone -
400,000 Cory's shearwaters have already arrived. These elegant gliding
seabirds are superb divers - reaching depths of 15 metres they snatch
food from right in front of both dolphins and yellowfin tuna.
Episode 4 - Frozen Seas
In
winter the temperature drops to below -50 degrees centigrade and in
Antarctica most animals escape the weather. But emperor penguins stay
put and huddle together, incubating their eggs and rearing their chicks
in the worst weather on the planet. Weddell seals also remain, keeping
their breathing holes open by scraping away the ice with their teeth.
In
the Arctic, animals that do stay north for the winter are forced to
seek refuge in any patches of open water that haven't frozen over.
Sometimes whales become trapped in these isolated tiny holes in the
ice. A group of belugas are 22km from open ocean and it will be two
months before the ice melts. They are painfully thin and horribly
scarred. Their wounds are not inflicted by the ice but by polar bears
that have spotted an easy meal. Aware of the danger, the whales stay
submerged as long as they can, but they can only hold their breathe for
20 minutes. Eventually a bear makes a catch.
In spring, female
polar bears emerge from winter dens with their cubs. The mother hasn't
eaten for five months and is starving. Seal pups are a favourite, and
she can detect them hidden in the snow from 2km away. As the ice melts,
thousands of belugas congregate in large estuaries for a communal
exfoliation! In warm shallow water they rub vigorously against the
gravel to slough off dead skin and encourage moulting.
On
Zavodovski Island is the largest penguin colony in the world. About two
million chinstrap penguins come to breed on the snow-free slopes of
this live volcano. But emperor penguins stick it out on the ice. At the
water's edge they are nervous as leopard seals patrol this border.
These seals are Antarctica's equivalent of polar bears. As winter
closes in again and the ice begins to freeze, male emperor penguins
trek south, away from the open sea, to spend the dark months of winter
out on the ice.
Episode 5 - Seasonal Seas
Just when
the weather is at its worst, 100,000 grey seals haul themselves up
through the surf on to Sable Island off Nova Scotia. This is the
world's largest colony of grey seals and perversely they've come to
breed in winter. Within 18 days the pups are abandoned, but spring is
on its way with plenty of food.
An eight-tonne basking shark
filters 1,000 tonnes of seawater through its gills every hour to sieve
out plankton, and large numbers are attracted to plankton blooms. On
the seafloor, seaweed stretches towards the sunlight, and off the coast
of California, underwater forests of giant kelp grow up to 100 metres
high. Massive schools of fish shelter here and sea otters snooze at the
surface winding strands of kelp around themselves as anchors.
By
July, the seasonal seas are warming up fast. On the coast of Nova
Scotia large female lobsters are marching 150km from cold, deep waters
where they spent the winter, to warm shallows where they can incubate
their eggs. In August, pacific salmon return to the coast of Alaska and
are hunted down by huge salmon sharks.
By early autumn,
Pacific white-sided dolphin are turning up in British Columbia in great
numbers. Rather than fish for herring they like to play - engaging in a
dolphin's version of tag, as they pass a strand of seaweed from flipper
to flipper.
As fast as winter approaches in the
north, spring is coming back at the opposite end of the world. Strange
handfish walk across the bottom of the sea using their fins like hands.
There is also a beautiful courtship ballet performed by Australian
squid that change colour as they dance. A male leafy seadragon is a
devoted parent, carrying dozens of eggs on his belly and relying on his
perfect leafy camouflage to hide them from other hungry fish.
Episode 6 - Coral Seas
Life
on a coral reef starts with one coral larva which lands in the right
place and grows. Soon it's a coral head, cemented and secure on the
seabed. A tiny algae that lives in its tissues allows the coral to grow
night and day and as more corals settle, a reef develops. Overcrowding
follows as corals expand and soon they're fighting - digesting their
neighbours alive under cover of darkness.
Corals are protected
by a hard, limestone skeleton, but bumphead parrot fish bite straight
through rock and coral with their powerful jaws. These fish erode the
coral and the material they swallow comes out the other end as fine
sand. On a single reef they can produce tonnes of sand every year. This
soft sand forms beautiful tropical white beaches and eventually creates
tropical islands!
A sinister crown of thorns starfish slides
on to a coral, spreads its stomach over the polyps and digests them
whole. The only protection a coral can hope for is a small crab which
takes up residence in the coral's branches and uses its pincers to nip
the starfish to see it off.
Night on the reef is a tough time.
Moray eels slither around the corals hunting by smell. Whitetip sharks
use their electrical sense to
trace any movement in the sleeping fish. Feeding frenzies disturb the otherwise eerie calm of the reef.
An
entire reef can be destroyed by one big storm: hundreds of years of
growth wiped out in a few hours. But out at sea, new life continues to
develop and, in time, coral larvae return to colonise the rubble and a
new reef grows on the wasteland.
Episode 7 - Tidal Seas
A
huge tidal wave, sweeps 200 miles inland up the River Amazon. It's an
event that only happens on key days each month, when the moon and sun
combine their gravitational pull to maximum effect. The force of the
wave shatters immense rainforest trees.
As the moon orbits the
Earth its gravitational pull causes the sea level all over the world to
rise and fall. In the Bay of Fundy, Canada, two billion tonnes of water
flow in and out each day - more than all the rivers on Earth combined.
Five hundred finback whales come here to gorge on the rich herring
pickings.
Believe it or not, the best 'back-heel' in the world
belongs to a tiny sand bubbler crab. These beach-dwelling Aussies
convert an entire beach into minute footballs as they work at breakneck
speed to filter food out of sand grains. They religiously practise
their skills every day as the tide goes out. And in South Africa the
world's fastest snail surfs the waves on its big foot, hunting for food
on the falling tide. Raccoons in British Columbia also have a passion
for seafood. Twice a month the moon pulls with maximum force, making
the sea level rise and fall even further than normal. And when the sea
is as far out as possible, a female raccoon passes on a few tips in
crab cracking to her youngsters.
On Christmas Island, land
crabs time their annual migration to November and December nights when
the tides are weak. They need weak tides for good reason - they must
spawn in the sea and they are land crabs.
They can't
breathe or swim underwater, so they wait for weak tides to get into the
water to shed their eggs - that way they're less likely to drown.
Off
Florida, a small group of bottlenose dolphins have a cunning plan. As
they work their way inland they are forcing mullet to leap right into
their waiting mouths. One animal peels off from the group and swims
rapidly in a circle, stirring up the mud and driving the fish towards
the other dolphins that have lined up in a row. The fish leap out of
the water at just the wrong moment and the dolphins feast until the
tide retreats.
Episode 8 - Coasts
Each year the entire
population of green turtles that live off the coast of Brazil
undertakes a massive 5,000-mile migration to the tiny seven-mile-wide
island of Ascension, lost in the middle of the Atlantic. How they
manage to navigate remains a mystery but each year 5,000 female turtles
make it to the island to lay their eggs. After laying three to four
clutches of eggs each every two weeks or so, they have to make the
return journey to Brazil. The whole cycle takes six months and the
turtles do not feed at all during this time.
Four hundred
thousand Ridley's turtles co-ordinate their return to land in a massive
simultaneous egg lay called an arribada. It's hard enough for turtles
to drag themselves up the beach but what about fish? Every year,
millions of capelin appear along the coasts of Newfoundland. They
literally throw themselves out of the sea and for miles the beach is
covered with writhing fish. Like the turtles, they are here to lay
their eggs.
In far eastern Russia in the Sea of Okhotsk is the
island of Talan. In summer, four million seabirds crowd its spectacular
cliffs.
The world's largest eagle, the Stellar's sea
eagle, steals kittiwakes from their nesting cliffs. As sunset
approaches literally hundreds of thousands of crested auklets appear
out to sea like great clouds of smoke. They return together to their
cliffside nests to avoid the peregrines, ravens and sea eagles that
swoop on them in mid-air.
Walruses have to come to the land
each year to moult and rest from the cold, and on Round Island in the
northern Pacific 40,000 of them cram on to just a mile or so of beach.
When they emerge from the water they are still white but after a short
time on the land they gradually turn pink! At sea they
restrict
their blood flow to the centre of their bodies to keep in the heat, but
when they land they dilate their vessels and allow blood to flush their
skin.
Every year along the coast of Patagonia, the same very
experienced group of killer whales makes an appearance - at exactly the
same time as the sea lion pups are starting to swim. As the pups play
in the surf a whale comes crashing out of nowhere to try and snatch
them. This whale is taking a real risk and has to be very careful not
to get stranded on the beach. It appears to play with its catch like a
cat with a mouse. Sometimes with a powerful flick of the tail it
catapults the pups over 100 metres into the air. It's hard to
understand why the whales do this, but the hunting season is short and
soon the pups learn to stay clear of the water. After just two weeks
the killers move on.
Technical Specs
Video Codec: DivX 5.11
Video Bitrate: ~1820kb/s
Video Resolution: 688x384
Video Aspect Ratio: 16:9
Audio Codec: AC3
Audio BitRate: 192kb/s 48Khz
Audio Channels: 2
RunTime Per Part: ~49 Minutes
Number Of Parts: 10
Part Size: ~700MBytes
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